What is osteogenesis imperfecta in children?

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited (genetic) bone disorder that is present at birth. It is also known as brittle bone disease. A child born with OI may have soft bones that break (fracture) easily, bones that are not formed normally, and other problems. Signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe.

There are at least 8 different types of the disease. The types vary greatly, both within and between types. They are based on the type of inheritance (see below), and signs and symptoms. These include findings on X-rays and other imaging tests. The OI types are as follows:

  • Type I. Mildest and most common type. About 50% of all affected children have this type. There are few fractures and deformities
  • Type II. Most severe type. A baby has very short arms and legs, a small chest, and soft skull. He or she may be born with fractured bones. He or she may also have a low birth weight and lungs that are not well developed. A baby with type II OI usually dies within weeks of birth
  • Type III. Most severe type in babies who don’t die as newborns. At birth, a baby may have slightly shorter arms and legs than normal and arm, leg, and rib fractures. A baby may also have a larger than normal head, a triangle-shaped face, a deformed chest and spine, and breathing and swallowing problems. These symptoms are different in each baby.
  • Type IV. Symptoms are between mild and severe. A baby with type IV may be diagnosed at birth. He or she may not have any fractures until crawling or walking. The bones of the arms and legs may not be straight. He or she may not grow normally.
  • Type V. Similar to type IV. Symptoms may be medium to severe. It is common to have enlarged thickened areas (hypertrophic calluses) in the areas where large bones are fractured
  • Type VI. Very rare. Symptoms are medium. Similar to type IV.
  • Type VII. May be like type IV or like type II. It is common to have shorter than normal height. Also common to have shorter than normal upper arm and thighbones. 
  • Type VIII. Similar to types II and III. Very soft bones and severe growth problems.

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta in a child?

OI is passed on through the genes. The different types are passed on in different ways. The gene may be inherited from one or both parents. Or the gene can be passed on from an unexplained change (spontaneous mutation) of a gene.

Most babies with OI have a defect of one of two genes. These genes help in forming collagen. Collagen is a main part of connective tissue that connects and supports the whole body, including the bones. Because of the defect there is not enough collagen. Or the collagen is abnormal.

What are the symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta in a child?

The symptoms of OI vary greatly within and between types. Symptoms of OI include:

  • Easily broken bones
  • Bone deformities, such as bowing of the legs
  • Discoloration of the white of the eye (sclera), may be blue or gray in color
  • A barrel-shaped chest
  • A curved spine
  • A triangle-shaped face
  • Loose joints
  • Muscle weakness
  • Skin that easily bruises
  • Hearing loss in early adulthood
  • Soft, discolored teeth 

The symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta may look like other medical conditions. Always see your child's healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How is osteogenesis imperfecta diagnosed in a child?

Your baby's healthcare provider will ask questions about your baby's medical history, your family and pregnancy history, and your baby's current symptoms. He or she will examine your baby, looking for signs and symptoms of OI. The milder forms of OI may be difficult to diagnose in a baby.

Your baby's healthcare provider may refer you to specialists with experience in diagnosing and treating OI. For example, your baby may be referred to a specialist in genetic conditions (geneticist) or in bone disorders (orthopedist).

Your baby's healthcare provider or the specialists may recommend the following diagnostic tests:

  • X-rays. These may show many changes such as weak or deformed bones and fractures.
  • Lab tests. Blood, saliva, and skin may be checked. The tests may include gene testing.
  • Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry scan (DXA or DEXA scan). A scan of the bones to check for softening.
  • Bone biopsy. A sample of the hipbone is checked. This test requires sleep medicine (general anesthesia).

How is osteogenesis imperfecta treated in a child?

Your child’s healthcare provider will figure out the best treatment based on:

  • How old your child is
  • Your child’s overall health and medical history
  • How sick your child is
  • How well your child handles certain medicines, treatments, or therapies
  • If your child’s condition is expected to get worse
  • Your opinion and preference

The main goal of treatment is to prevent deformities and fractures. And, once your child gets older, to allow him or her to function as independently as possible. Treatments for preventing or correcting symptoms may include:

  • Bisphosphonate medicines. These are medicines that help to strengthen bones and prevent fractures. They may be used in most types of OI. They may be given by mouth or by IV (intravenous line) into a vein.
  • Care of fractures. The lightest possible materials are used to cast fractured bones. To prevent further problems, it is recommended that a child begin moving or using the affected area as soon as possible.
  • Orthopedic treatment. May include bracing and splinting. Surgery may also be needed.
  • Rodding. Metal rods are inserted to help hold in place (stabilize) and prevent deformities of long bones.
  • Dental procedures. Treatments, including capping teeth, braces, and surgery may be needed.
  • Physical and occupational therapy. Both are very important in babies and children with OI.
  • Assistive devices. Wheelchairs and other custom-made equipment may be needed as babies get older.

What are the possible complications of osteogenesis imperfecta in a child?

Complications may affect most body systems in a baby or child with OI. The risk of developing complications depends on the type and severity of your baby's OI. Complications may include the following:

  • Respiratory infections, such as pneumonia
  • Heart problems such as poor heart valve function
  • Kidney stones
  • Joint problems
  • Hearing loss
  • Eye conditions and vision loss

How can I help my child live with osteogenesis imperfecta?

OI is a lifelong condition. Managing it may include the following:

  • Avoiding fractures. If your baby has medium to severe OI, he or she needs to be picked up, diapered, and dressed very carefully. His or her position should be changed throughout the day. As your baby gets older, it will be important to help him or her avoid injuries. A physical or occupational therapist, as well as other healthcare providers, can help.
  • Avoiding infection. Your baby may be more likely to get colds and other respiratory infections. And he or she may get sicker with an infection. Make sure your baby has all of his vaccines (immunizations). During cold and flu season, stay away from crowds. Make sure that you wash your hands well. As your child gets older, teach him or her to do the same.
  • Dealing with pain. Fractures and deformities can be very painful. Talk with your baby's healthcare provider about pain medicine or other ways to lessen pain.
  • Dealing with challenges. As your child gets older, he or she may have emotional and physical challenges. 
  • Regular medical and dental checkups. Your baby will need regular checkups and tests. These include eye and dental exams.
  • Weight management. When your child gets older he or she may gain weight because of the decreased physical activity.

When should I call my child's healthcare provider?

Call your baby's healthcare provider if your baby:

  • Is injured
  • Has changes in his or her behavior that may mean an injury or other problem. For example, your baby may be fussy or irritable.
  • Has signs of a cold or flu, like a fever or cough

Key points about osteogenesis imperfecta in children

  • Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited (genetic) bone disorder that is present at birth.
  • It is also known as brittle bone disease.
  • A child born with OI may have soft bones that break (fracture) easily, bones that are not formed normally, and other problems. Signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe.
  • The main goal of treatment is to prevent deformities and fractures.
  • OI is a lifelong condition. 

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:

  • Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
  • Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
  • At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.
  • Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.
  • Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.
  • Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
  • Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
  • If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
  • Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.