Overview

Sprains and strains are types of injuries. A sprain is an injury to a ligament while a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon.

Ligaments and tendons are two kinds of fibrous tissue in the body. They connect different parts of the body. Ligaments are found at the joints, where they join bones together. Tendons attach muscles to bone.

Causes

A sudden stretching, twisting, or tearing of a ligament causes a sprain. This injury can happen when a child falls or suffers a hit to the body. Sprains often affect the ankles, knees, or wrists.

A pulling or tearing of a muscle or a tendon causes a strain. This type of injury can happen suddenly, such as when a child overstretches a muscle. Or it can happen over time if a child overuses a muscle or tendon. Overuse can occur during activities that require similar movements be repeated over and over.

Risk Factors

Active teens or those who play sports are most at risk for a sprain or a strain. These injuries are not common in younger children. That is because their growth plates are weaker than the muscles or tendons. Growth plates are areas of bone growth at the ends of long bones. Instead, younger children are more likely to have broken bones.

Symptoms

Symptoms may occur a bit differently in each child. Symptoms of a sprain or a strain often depend on the severity of the injury. Below are the most common symptoms your child may feel in the injured area:

  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Warmth, bruising, or redness
  • Weakness
  • Trouble using or moving the injured area in a normal way

These symptoms may look like other health problems. Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Your child’s healthcare provider makes the diagnosis with a physical exam. During the exam, he or she asks about your child’s health history and how the injury happened.

Your child may also need:

  • X-rays. This test makes images of internal tissues, bones, and organs.
  • MRI. This test uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to make detailed images of organs and structures within the body.
  • CT scan. This test uses X-rays and a computer to make detailed images of the body. A CT scan shows details of the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays.

Treatment

Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.

Initial treatment for a sprain or a strain includes rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE). Other treatment choices may include:

  • Pain medicines, such as ibuprofen
  • Activity restrictions
  • Splint or cast
  • Crutches or wheelchair
  • Physical therapy to stretch and strengthen the injured muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • Surgery, especially if the injury reoccurs or if a muscle, tendon, or ligament is badly torn

Sprains and strains heal quite quickly in children and teens. Make sure your child follows any activity restrictions and stretching and strengthening exercises to prevent reinjury. The risk for reinjury is greater in the first 2 months, but can occur even after that.

Prevention

Many sprains and strains are sports injuries. They are from either injury or overuse of muscles or joints. Many sports injuries can be prevented by:

  • Doing a warm-up first
  • Training and conditioning properly
  • Wearing the right protective gear
  • Using the right equipment

You can help your child prevent overuse injuries by making sure your child:

  • Sets aside 1 to 2 days per week for rest from competitive sports and training
  • Takes breaks from a specific sport during the year
  • Focuses on fun, skill-building, safety, and sportsmanship when playing sports

When to Call a Healthcare Provider

Call your child’s healthcare provider if:

  • There is a prolonged, visible deformity of the affected area
  • Severe pain prevents use of the ligament, tendon, or muscle
  • The affected area is still unstable after the sprain or strain has healed

Key Points

  • Sprains and strains are types of injuries. A sprain is an injury to a ligament while a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon.
  • A sudden stretching, twisting, or tearing of a ligament causes a sprain. It can happen from a fall or a hit to the body.
  • A pulling or tearing of a muscle or a tendon causes a strain. It can happen suddenly or over time.
  • Pain and swelling are some of the most common symptoms of both injuries.
  • A physical exam and certain tests, such as X-rays, can diagnose sprains and strains.
  • Treatment may include RICE, pain medicine, and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be needed.

Next Steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:

  • Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
  • Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
  • At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.
  • Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.
  • Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.
  • Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
  • Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
  • If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
  • Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.