Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis, also called histiocytosis X, is a condition in which the level of a type of immune cell, called a Langerhans cell, is abnormally high. While Langerhans cell histiocytosis has been considered to be a type of cancer or a condition similar to cancer, researchers are now discovering that it is more likely tied to an autoimmune response and occurs when the body's immune system attacks itself.

For more information regarding Langerhans cell histiocytosis services in St. Louis, please call 314.454.5437 or 800.678.5437 or email us.

What is Langerhans cell histiocytosis?

Langerhans cell histiocytosis causes damage to tissues throughout the body. The excess Langerhans cells, which are a type of white blood cell, flow throughout the body and build up in areas such as the skin, bones, bone marrow, lymph nodes, mouth, spleen, liver, lungs, pituitary gland, and central nervous system, creating tumors.

What are the symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis?

The symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis depend on where in the body the Langerhans cells build up. These are possible symptoms:

Pain in the abdomen or in the bones
Poor growth or failure to thrive
Irritability
Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes
Urinating frequently and having constant thirst (caused by diabetes insipidus)
Dark red or brown lesions on the skin, especially on the face, scalp, back, and groin
Bulging eyes
Persistent drainage from the ear
Headaches
Flaking skin on the scalp similar to cradle cap
Problems with the thyroid
Problems with balance, memory, or behavior
Swelling of the gums, mouth sores, and tooth loss

How is Langerhans cell histiocytosis diagnosed?

A doctor may diagnose Langerhans cell histiocytosis through a combination of tests, including:

Complete physical examination
Discussion of symptoms or illnesses
Neurological examination to evaluate the spinal cord, brain, nerves, and mental functioning

A number of lab tests may also be performed to diagnose the condition, including blood tests, urine tests, and a biopsy of the bone marrow. Imaging tests, including a bone scan, CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, and PET scan may also be performed.

For more information regarding Langerhans cell histiocytosis services in St. Louis, please call 314.454.5437 or 800.678.5437 or email us.

How is Langerhans cell histiocytosis treated?

Treatment for Langerhans cell histiocytosis typically includes those designed to treat cancer:

Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Surgery to remove abnormal tissues
Corticosteroid drugs
Photodynamic therapy

Some patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis may opt for "watchful waiting," in which the symptoms and progress of the condition are closely monitored but active treatment is postponed until there is a change in the condition.

When to seek medical care

Parents should monitor children carefully and look for any warning signs of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Bring up any concerns, growth problems, or unusual symptoms to your child's health care provider.

Can Langerhans cell histiocytosis be prevented?

Because the cause of Langerhans cell histiocytosis is unknown, there is no known way to prevent the condition. Having a family history of thyroid disease may increase the risk.

Some factors can increase a person's risk of developing the condition: People should limit their exposure to certain chemicals, including benzene.

What are the complications of Langerhans cell histiocytosis?

If untreated, Langerhans cell histiocytosis can cause damage to tissues and organs throughout the body. One example is pulmonary histiocytosis, in which the lungs are damaged. Damage to the body can be so severe that the condition becomes fatal. Other complications may include: